The Chandogya Upanishad

It is with the incantation of oum that the rites prescribed in the vedas are begun. It is with oum that incantations and hymns are chanted. Sacrifices performed to the chanting of the syllable oum attain the sun-god. They then become rain and the rain become foodgrains. Foodgrains sustain the breath of life. It is thus that oum is nothing but the breath of life.

There are those who know the glory of oum and there are those who do not. Both classes of people perform action and worship and obtain the resultant fruits. But the fruits obtained by those wonderful nature of the syllable oum.

The gods and the demons were both offspring of prajapati. Many years ago, the gods and the demons fought among themselves. In their fight with the demons, the gods enlisted the support of the god of hymns.

The gods elected the power of speech as a chorister and the demons attacked the power of speech with their sins. It is for this reason that men utter the truth, as well as falsehood. The gods elected the power of smell as chorister and the demons attacked the power of smell with their sins. It is for this reason that there are both good smells and bad ones. The gods elected the power of sight as a chorister and the demons attacked the power of sight with their sins. It is for this reason that men see both beautiful sights and ugly ones. The gods elected the power of hearing as a chorister and the demons attacked power of hearing with their sins. It is for this reason that men here both pleasant and unpleasant sounds. The gods elected the mind as a chorister and the demons attacked the mind with their sins. It is for this reason that both god and evil thoughts frequent the minds of men. Finally, the gods elected the breath of life as a chorister. And the demos were decimated as soon as they came into contact with the breath of life, just as a brick crushed by a boulder. The breath of life is like solid stone; it crushes those who perform evil deeds or exhibit hatred.

The Mandukya Upanishad

The Mandukya Upanishad is entirely in prose. It is the shortest Upanishad with a mere twelve stanzas. Part of the original text seems to have been lost. This Upanishad is associated with the Atharva Veda. But the name is derived from a school of the Rig Veds, know as the Mandukas. The essential point made in this Upanishad is that the syllable Oum is an expression of the universe.

Everything in the universe is captured in the syllable Oum. The past, the present and the future, are all in Oum. All that is beyond these three states of time, is also in Oum. The syllable Oum is the way to attain proximity to the brahman.

The first part of the brahman is fire. Fire savours the state of being awake; fire feels the external world. Fire enjoys all the material objects. Fire has seven limbs and nineteen faces.

The nineteen faces of fire are the ten senses, the five constituents of the breath of life, the mind, intelligence, ego and the heart. Fire has a head in heaven, the sun forms the eyes, the wind is the breath of life, the sky is the body, the water forms the lower organs, the earth is the feet and the sacrificial fire is the mouth. These are the seven limbs that are mention in Mandukya Upanishad.

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Isha Upanishad

The Isha Upanishad is unique in two senses. It is a very short Upanishad, consisting of only eighteen shlokas or verses. It is also the only Upanishad that forms part of the last chapter of the Shukla Yajur Veda. It is known as the text is isha, which means, by the supreme godhead. The motif of the Upanishad is, someone who knows the identity of the human soul with the divine soul is learned. In contrast, an individual who lacks this knowledge is ignorant. The text is composed entirely in verse.

Every object in the universe is transient. And all such objects are encompassed by the supreme godhead. Give up all these transient objects and look to the eternal. Do not lust for the wealth of others. Wealth belongs to no one.

He who desire to live on this earth for a hundred years, pursues the path of action (Karma). There is no other prescribed path for one who aspires for a long life. Deviation from this norm leads one to tread the path of sin.

The worlds where the demons (asuras) dwell, are shrouded in impenetrable darkness. Individuals who commit suicide are destined for those worlds after their deaths.